Predicates

pygeos.predicates.contains(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if geometry B is completely inside geometry A.

A contains B if no points of B lie in the exterior of A and at least one point of the interior of B lies in the interior of A.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

within

contains(A, B) == within(B, A)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> contains(line, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> contains(line, Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"))
True
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> contains(area, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> contains(area, line)
True
>>> contains(area, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
False
>>> polygon_with_hole = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (2 2, 4 2, 4 4, 2 4, 2 2))")
>>> contains(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("POINT(1 1)"))
True
>>> contains(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("POINT(2 2)"))
False
>>> contains(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("LINESTRING(1 1, 5 5)"))
False
>>> contains(area, area)
True
>>> contains(area, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.covered_by(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if no point in geometry A is outside geometry B.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

covers

covered_by(A, B) == covers(B, A)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> covered_by(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"), line)
True
>>> covered_by(Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"), line)
True
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> covered_by(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"), area)
True
>>> covered_by(line, area)
True
>>> covered_by(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"), area)
False
>>> polygon_with_hole = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (2 2, 4 2, 4 4, 2 4, 2 2))")  # NOQA
>>> covered_by(Geometry("POINT(1 1)"), polygon_with_hole)
True
>>> covered_by(Geometry("POINT(2 2)"), polygon_with_hole)
True
>>> covered_by(Geometry("LINESTRING(1 1, 5 5)"), polygon_with_hole)
False
>>> covered_by(area, area)
True
>>> covered_by(None, area)
False

pygeos.predicates.covers(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if no point in geometry B is outside geometry A.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

covered_by

covers(A, B) == covered_by(B, A)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> covers(line, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
True
>>> covers(line, Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"))
True
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> covers(area, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
True
>>> covers(area, line)
True
>>> covers(area, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
False
>>> polygon_with_hole = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (2 2, 4 2, 4 4, 2 4, 2 2))")  # NOQA
>>> covers(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("POINT(1 1)"))
True
>>> covers(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("POINT(2 2)"))
True
>>> covers(polygon_with_hole, Geometry("LINESTRING(1 1, 5 5)"))
False
>>> covers(area, area)
True
>>> covers(area, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.crosses(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if the intersection of two geometries spatially crosses.

That is: the geometries have some, but not all interior points in common. The geometries must intersect and the intersection must have a dimensionality less than the maximum dimension of the two input geometries. Additionally, the intersection of the two geometries must not equal either of the source geometries.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> crosses(line, Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"))
False
>>> crosses(line, Geometry("MULTIPOINT ((0 1), (0.5 0.5))"))
True
>>> crosses(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)"))
True
>>> crosses(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
False
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> crosses(area, line)
False
>>> crosses(area, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
True
>>> crosses(area, Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"))
False
>>> crosses(area, Geometry("MULTIPOINT ((2 2), (0.5 0.5))"))
True

pygeos.predicates.disjoint(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if A and B do not share any point in space.

Disjoint implies that overlaps, touches, within, and intersects are False. Note missing (None) values are never disjoint.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

intersects

disjoint(A, B) == ~intersects(A, B)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> disjoint(line, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> disjoint(line, Geometry("POINT (0 1)"))
True
>>> disjoint(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 2, 2 0)"))
False
>>> empty = Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY")
>>> disjoint(line, empty)
True
>>> disjoint(empty, empty)
True
>>> disjoint(empty, None)
False
>>> disjoint(None, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.equals(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if A and B are spatially equal.

If A is within B and B is within A, A and B are considered equal. The ordering of points can be different.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

equals_exact

Check if A and B are structurally equal given a specified tolerance.

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)")
>>> equals(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)"))
True
>>> equals(Geometry("POLYGON EMPTY"), Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
True
>>> equals(None, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.equals_exact(a, b, tolerance=0.0, **kwargs)

Returns True if A and B are structurally equal.

This method uses exact coordinate equality, which requires coordinates to be equal (within specified tolerance) and and in the same order for all components of a geometry. This is in contrast with the equals function which uses spatial (topological) equality.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

tolerancefloat or array_like

See also

equals

Check if A and B are spatially equal.

Examples

>>> point1 = Geometry("POINT(50 50)")
>>> point2 = Geometry("POINT(50.1 50.1)")
>>> equals_exact(point1, point2)
False
>>> equals_exact(point1, point2, tolerance=0.2)
True
>>> equals_exact(point1, None, tolerance=0.2)
False

Difference between structucal and spatial equality:

>>> polygon1 = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> polygon2 = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0))")
>>> equals_exact(polygon1, polygon2)
False
>>> equals(polygon1, polygon2)
True

pygeos.predicates.has_z(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a geometry has a Z coordinate.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

Examples

>>> has_z(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> has_z(Geometry("POINT Z (0 0 0)"))
True

pygeos.predicates.intersects(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if A and B share any portion of space.

Intersects implies that overlaps, touches and within are True.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

disjoint

intersects(A, B) == ~disjoint(A, B)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> intersects(line, Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
True
>>> intersects(line, Geometry("POINT (0 1)"))
False
>>> intersects(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 2, 2 0)"))
True
>>> intersects(None, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.is_ccw(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a linestring or linearring is counterclockwise.

Note that there are no checks on whether lines are actually closed and not self-intersecting, while this is a requirement for is_ccw. The recommended usage of this function for linestrings is is_ccw(g) & is_simple(g) and for linearrings is_ccw(g) & is_valid(g).

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

This function will return False for non-linear goemetries and for lines with fewer than 4 points (including the closing point).

See also

is_simple

Checks if a linestring is closed and simple.

is_valid

Checks additionally if the geometry is simple.

Examples

>>> is_ccw(Geometry("LINEARRING (0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0)"))
False
>>> is_ccw(Geometry("LINEARRING (0 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0)"))
True
>>> is_ccw(Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1, 0 1)"))
False
>>> is_ccw(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False

pygeos.predicates.is_closed(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a linestring’s first and last points are equal.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

This function will return False for non-linestrings.

See also

is_ring

Checks additionally if the geometry is simple.

Examples

>>> is_closed(Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)"))
False
>>> is_closed(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0)"))
True
>>> is_closed(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False

pygeos.predicates.is_empty(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a geometry is an empty point, polygon, etc.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

Any geometry type is accepted.

See also

is_missing

checks if the object is a geometry

Examples

>>> is_empty(Geometry("POINT EMPTY"))
True
>>> is_empty(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> is_empty(None)
False

pygeos.predicates.is_geometry(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if the object is a geometry

Parameters

geometryany object or array_like

See also

is_missing

check if an object is missing (None)

is_valid_input

check if an object is a geometry or None

Examples

>>> is_geometry(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
True
>>> is_geometry(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
True
>>> is_geometry(None)
False
>>> is_geometry("text")
False

pygeos.predicates.is_missing(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if the object is not a geometry (None)

Parameters

geometryany object or array_like

See also

is_geometry

check if an object is a geometry

is_valid_input

check if an object is a geometry or None

is_empty

checks if the object is an empty geometry

Examples

>>> is_missing(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> is_missing(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
False
>>> is_missing(None)
True
>>> is_missing("text")
False

pygeos.predicates.is_prepared(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a Geometry is prepared.

Note that it is not necessary to check if a geometry is already prepared before preparing it. It is more efficient to call prepare directly because it will skip geometries that are already prepared.

This function will return False for missing geometries (None).

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

See also

is_valid_input

check if an object is a geometry or None

prepare

prepare a geometry

Examples

>>> geometry = Geometry("POINT (0 0)")
>>> is_prepared(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> from pygeos import prepare; prepare(geometry);
>>> is_prepared(geometry)
True
>>> is_prepared(None)
False

pygeos.predicates.is_ring(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a linestring is closed and simple.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

This function will return False for non-linestrings.

See also

is_closed

Checks only if the geometry is closed.

is_simple

Checks only if the geometry is simple.

Examples

>>> is_ring(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
False
>>> geom = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> is_closed(geom), is_simple(geom), is_ring(geom)
(False, True, False)
>>> geom = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0)")
>>> is_closed(geom), is_simple(geom), is_ring(geom)
(True, True, True)
>>> geom = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 1, 1 0, 0 0)")
>>> is_closed(geom), is_simple(geom), is_ring(geom)
(True, False, False)

pygeos.predicates.is_simple(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a Geometry has no anomalous geometric points, such as self-intersections or self tangency.

Note that polygons and linearrings are assumed to be simple. Use is_valid to check these kind of geometries for self-intersections.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

This function will return False for geometrycollections.

See also

is_ring

Checks additionally if the geometry is closed.

is_valid

Checks whether a geometry is well formed.

Examples

>>> is_simple(Geometry("POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))"))
True
>>> is_simple(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 1, 1 0, 0 0)"))
False
>>> is_simple(None)
False

pygeos.predicates.is_valid(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if a geometry is well formed.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

Any geometry type is accepted. Returns False for missing values.

See also

is_valid_reason

Returns the reason in case of invalid.

Examples

>>> is_valid(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)"))
True
>>> is_valid(Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))"))
False
>>> is_valid(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
True
>>> is_valid(None)
False

pygeos.predicates.is_valid_input(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns True if the object is a geometry or None

Parameters

geometryany object or array_like

See also

is_geometry

checks if an object is a geometry

is_missing

checks if an object is None

Examples

>>> is_valid_input(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
True
>>> is_valid_input(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
True
>>> is_valid_input(None)
True
>>> is_valid_input(1.0)
False
>>> is_valid_input("text")
False

pygeos.predicates.is_valid_reason(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns a string stating if a geometry is valid and if not, why.

Parameters

geometryGeometry or array_like

Any geometry type is accepted. Returns None for missing values.

See also

is_valid

returns True or False

Examples

>>> is_valid_reason(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)"))
'Valid Geometry'
>>> is_valid_reason(Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 1, 0 0))"))
'Self-intersection[0 0]'
>>> is_valid_reason(None) is None
True

pygeos.predicates.overlaps(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if A and B intersect, but one does not completely contain the other.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> overlaps(line, line)
False
>>> overlaps(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
False
>>> overlaps(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0.5 0.5, 2 2)"))
True
>>> overlaps(line, Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"))
False
>>> overlaps(None, None)
False

pygeos.predicates.relate(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns a string representation of the DE-9IM intersection matrix.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

Examples

>>> point = Geometry("POINT (0 0)")
>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> relate(point, line)
'F0FFFF102'

pygeos.predicates.relate_pattern(a, b, pattern, **kwargs)

Returns True if the DE-9IM string code for the relationship between the geometries satisfies the pattern, else False.

This function compares the DE-9IM code string for two geometries against a specified pattern. If the string matches the pattern then True is returned, otherwise False. The pattern specified can be an exact match (0, 1 or 2), a boolean match (uppercase T or F), or a wildcard (*). For example, the pattern for the within predicate is 'T*F**F***'.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

patternstring

Examples

>>> point = Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)")
>>> square = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
>>> relate(point, square)
'0FFFFF212'
>>> relate_pattern(point, square, "T*F**F***")
True

pygeos.predicates.touches(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if the only points shared between A and B are on the boundary of A and B.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 2, 2 0)")
>>> touches(line, Geometry("POINT(0 2)"))
True
>>> touches(line, Geometry("POINT(1 1)"))
False
>>> touches(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)"))
True
>>> touches(line, Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"))
False
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> touches(area, Geometry("POINT(0.5 0)"))
True
>>> touches(area, Geometry("POINT(0.5 0.5)"))
False
>>> touches(area, line)
True
>>> touches(area, Geometry("POLYGON((0 1, 1 1, 1 2, 0 2, 0 1))"))
True

pygeos.predicates.within(a, b, **kwargs)

Returns True if geometry A is completely inside geometry B.

A is within B if no points of A lie in the exterior of B and at least one point of the interior of A lies in the interior of B.

Parameters

a, bGeometry or array_like

See also

contains

within(A, B) == contains(B, A)

prepare

improve performance by preparing a (the first argument)

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
>>> within(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"), line)
False
>>> within(Geometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)"), line)
True
>>> area = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
>>> within(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"), area)
False
>>> within(line, area)
True
>>> within(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 2 2)"), area)
False
>>> polygon_with_hole = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0), (2 2, 4 2, 4 4, 2 4, 2 2))")  # NOQA
>>> within(Geometry("POINT(1 1)"), polygon_with_hole)
True
>>> within(Geometry("POINT(2 2)"), polygon_with_hole)
False
>>> within(Geometry("LINESTRING(1 1, 5 5)"), polygon_with_hole)
False
>>> within(area, area)
True
>>> within(None, area)
False