pygeos.constructive

pygeos.constructive.boundary(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns the topological boundary of a geometry.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

This function will raise for non-empty geometrycollections.

Examples

>>> boundary(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY>
>>> boundary(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 2)"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 2)>
>>> boundary(Geometry("LINEARRING (0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0)"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT EMPTY>
>>> boundary(Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))"))
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0)>
>>> boundary(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 2)")) is None
True
pygeos.constructive.buffer(geometry, radius, quadsegs=8, cap_style='round', join_style='round', mitre_limit=5.0, single_sided=False, **kwargs)

Computes the buffer of a geometry for positive and negative buffer radius.

The buffer of a geometry is defined as the Minkowski sum (or difference, for negative width) of the geometry with a circle with radius equal to the absolute value of the buffer radius.

The buffer operation always returns a polygonal result. The negative or zero-distance buffer of lines and points is always empty.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

width : float or array_like

Specifies the circle radius in the Minkowski sum (or difference).

quadsegs : int

Specifies the number of linear segments in a quarter circle in the approximation of circular arcs.

cap_style : {‘round’, ‘square’, ‘flat’}

Specifies the shape of buffered line endings. ‘round’ results in circular line endings (see quadsegs). Both ‘square’ and ‘flat’ result in rectangular line endings, only ‘flat’ will end at the original vertex, while ‘square’ involves adding the buffer width.

join_style : {‘round’, ‘bevel’, ‘sharp’}

Specifies the shape of buffered line midpoints. ‘round’ results in rounded shapes. ‘bevel’ results in a beveled edge that touches the original vertex. ‘mitre’ results in a single vertex that is beveled depending on the mitre_limit parameter.

mitre_limit : float

Crops of ‘mitre’-style joins if the point is displaced from the buffered vertex by more than this limit.

single_sided : bool

Only buffer at one side of the geometry.

Examples

>>> buffer(Geometry("POINT (10 10)"), 2, quadsegs=1)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((12 10, 10 8, 8 10, 10 12, 12 10))>
>>> buffer(Geometry("POINT (10 10)"), 2, quadsegs=2)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((12 10, 11.4 8.59, 10 8, 8.59 8.59, 8 10, 8.59 11.4, 10 12, 11.4 11.4, 12 10))>
>>> buffer(Geometry("POINT (10 10)"), -2, quadsegs=1)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON EMPTY>
>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING (10 10, 20 10)")
>>> buffer(line, 2, cap_style="square")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((20 12, 22 12, 22 8, 10 8, 8 8, 8 12, 20 12))>
>>> buffer(line, 2, cap_style="flat")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((20 12, 20 8, 10 8, 10 12, 20 12))>
>>> buffer(line, 2, single_sided=True, cap_style="flat")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((20 10, 10 10, 10 12, 20 12, 20 10))>
>>> line2 = Geometry("LINESTRING (10 10, 20 10, 20 20)")
>>> buffer(line2, 2, cap_style="flat", join_style="bevel")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((18 12, 18 20, 22 20, 22 10, 20 8, 10 8, 10 12, 18 12))>
>>> buffer(line2, 2, cap_style="flat", join_style="mitre")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((18 12, 18 20, 22 20, 22 8, 10 8, 10 12, 18 12))>
>>> buffer(line2, 2, cap_style="flat", join_style="mitre", mitre_limit=1)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((18 12, 18 20, 22 20, 21.8 9, 21 8.17, 10 8, 10 12, 18 12))>
>>> square = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))")
>>> buffer(square, 2, join_style="mitre")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((-2 -2, -2 12, 12 12, 12 -2, -2 -2))>
>>> buffer(square, -2, join_style="mitre")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((2 2, 2 8, 8 8, 8 2, 2 2))>
>>> buffer(square, -5, join_style="mitre")
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON EMPTY>
>>> buffer(line, float("nan")) is None
True
pygeos.constructive.centroid(geometry, **kwargs)

Computes the geometric center (center-of-mass) of a geometry.

For multipoints this is computed as the mean of the input coordinates. For multilinestrings the centroid is weighted by the length of each line segment. For multipolygons the centroid is weighted by the area of each polygon.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

Examples

>>> centroid(Geometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (5 5)>
>>> centroid(Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 2 2, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (5 5)>
>>> centroid(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (5 5)>
>>> centroid(Geometry("POLYGON EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.convex_hull(geometry, **kwargs)

Computes the minimum convex geometry that encloses an input geometry.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

Examples

>>> convex_hull(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 10 0, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))>
>>> convex_hull(Geometry("POLYGON EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.delaunay_triangles(geometry, tolerance=0.0, only_edges=False, **kwargs)

Computes a Delaunay triangulation around the vertices of an input geometry.

The output is a geometrycollection containing polygons (default) or linestrings (see only_edges). Returns an None if an input geometry contains less than 3 vertices.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

tolerance : float or array_like

Snap input vertices together if their distance is less than this value.

only_edges : bool or array_like

If set to True, the triangulation will return a collection of linestrings instead of polygons.

Examples

>>> points = Geometry("MULTIPOINT (50 30, 60 30, 100 100)")
>>> delaunay_triangles(points)
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((50 30, 60 30, 100 100, 50 30)))>
>>> delaunay_triangles(points, only_edges=True)
<pygeos.Geometry MULTILINESTRING ((50 30, 100 100), (50 30, 60 30), (60 30, 100 100))>
>>> delaunay_triangles(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (50 30, 51 30, 60 30, 100 100)"), tolerance=2)
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((50 30, 60 30, 100 100, 50 30)))>
>>> delaunay_triangles(Geometry("POLYGON ((50 30, 60 30, 100 100, 50 30))"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((50 30, 60 30, 100 100, 50 30)))>
>>> delaunay_triangles(Geometry("LINESTRING (50 30, 60 30, 100 100)"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((50 30, 60 30, 100 100, 50 30)))>
>>> delaunay_triangles(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.envelope(geometry, **kwargs)

Computes the minimum bounding box that encloses an input geometry.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

Examples

>>> envelope(Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))>
>>> envelope(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 10 0, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))>
>>> envelope(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (0 0)>
>>> envelope(Geometry("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.extract_unique_points(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns all distinct vertices of an input geometry as a multipoint.

Note that only 2 dimensions of the vertices are considered when testing for equality.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

Examples

>>> extract_unique_points(Geometry("POINT (0 0)"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT (0 0)>
>>> extract_unique_points(Geometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 1)"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 1)>
>>> extract_unique_points(Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0))"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 0, 1 1)>
>>> extract_unique_points(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 1, 0 0)"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT (0 0, 1 1)>
>>> extract_unique_points(Geometry("LINESTRING EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry MULTIPOINT EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.point_on_surface(geometry, **kwargs)

Returns a point that intersects an input geometry.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

Examples

>>> point_on_surface(Geometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 10 0, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0))"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (5 5)>
>>> point_on_surface(Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 2 2, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (2 2)>
>>> point_on_surface(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (0 0, 10 10)"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (0 0)>
>>> point_on_surface(Geometry("POLYGON EMPTY"))
<pygeos.Geometry POINT EMPTY>
pygeos.constructive.simplify(geometry, tolerance, preserve_topology=False, **kwargs)

Returns a simplified version of an input geometry using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

tolerance : float or array_like

The maximum allowed geometry displacement. The higher this value, the smaller the number of vertices in the resulting geometry.

preserve_topology : bool

If set to True, the operation will avoid creating invalid geometries.

Examples

>>> line = Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 1 10, 0 20)")
>>> simplify(line, tolerance=0.9)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (0 0, 1 10, 0 20)>
>>> simplify(line, tolerance=1)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (0 0, 0 20)>
>>> polygon_with_hole = Geometry("POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0), (2 2, 2 4, 4 4, 4 2, 2 2))")
>>> simplify(polygon_with_hole, tolerance=4, preserve_topology=True)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0), (2 2, 2 4, 4 4, 4 2, 2 2))>
>>> simplify(polygon_with_hole, tolerance=4, preserve_topology=False)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))>
pygeos.constructive.snap(geometry, reference, tolerance, **kwargs)

Snaps an input geometry to reference geometry’s vertices.

The tolerance is used to control where snapping is performed. The result geometry is the input geometry with the vertices snapped. If no snapping occurs then the input geometry is returned unchanged.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

reference : Geometry or array_like

tolerance : float or array_like

Examples

>>> point = Geometry("POINT (0 2)")
>>> snap(Geometry("POINT (0.5 2.5)"), point, tolerance=1)
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (0 2)>
>>> snap(Geometry("POINT (0.5 2.5)"), point, tolerance=0.49)
<pygeos.Geometry POINT (0.5 2.5)>
>>> polygon = Geometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))")
>>> snap(polygon, Geometry("POINT (8 10)"), tolerance=5)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 8 10, 10 0, 0 0))>
>>> snap(polygon, Geometry("LINESTRING (8 10, 8 0)"), tolerance=5)
<pygeos.Geometry POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 8 10, 8 0, 0 0))>
pygeos.constructive.voronoi_polygons(geometry, tolerance=0.0, extend_to=None, only_edges=False, **kwargs)

Computes a Voronoi diagram from the vertices of an input geometry.

The output is a geometrycollection containing polygons (default) or linestrings (see only_edges). Returns empty if an input geometry contains less than 2 vertices or if the provided extent has zero area.

Parameters

geometry : Geometry or array_like

tolerance : float or array_like

Snap input vertices together if their distance is less than this value.

extend_to : Geometry or array_like

If provided, the diagram will be extended to cover the envelope of this geometry (unless this envelope is smaller than the input geometry).

only_edges : bool or array_like

If set to True, the triangulation will return a collection of linestrings instead of polygons.

Examples

>>> points = Geometry("MULTIPOINT (2 2, 4 2)")
>>> voronoi_polygons(points)
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((3 0, 0 0, 0 4, 3 4, 3 0)), POLYGON ((3 4, 6 4, 6 0, 3 0, 3 4)))>
>>> voronoi_polygons(points, only_edges=True)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (3 4, 3 0)>
>>> voronoi_polygons(Geometry("MULTIPOINT (2 2, 4 2, 4.2 2)"), 0.5, only_edges=True)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (3 4.2, 3 -0.2)>
>>> voronoi_polygons(points, extend_to=Geometry("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 10)"), only_edges=True)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (3 10, 3 0)>
>>> voronoi_polygons(Geometry("LINESTRING (2 2, 4 2)"), only_edges=True)
<pygeos.Geometry LINESTRING (3 4, 3 0)>
>>> voronoi_polygons(Geometry("POINT (2 2)"))
<pygeos.Geometry GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY>